History of climbing equipment wikipedia. The firm was founded in 1981 by Scottish climber Rab Carrington. [2] In August 2024, the remaining three stores announced their Aid climbing is a form of rock climbing that uses mechanical devices and equipment, such as aiders (also called 'ladders'), to assist in generating upward momentum. As a quintessential example of this claim, in 1972 Yvon and Tom Frost released the now famous Clean Climbing Manifesto in the Chouinard Equipment catalog. I am nominating this for featured list because this is a comprehensive list of equipment for the discipline of rock climbing. Traditional climbing adds the need for carrying a "rack" of temporary passive and active protection devices. Nuts come in a variety of sizes and styles Lead climbing (or leading) is a technique in rock climbing where the 'lead climber' clips their climbing rope to the climbing protection as they ascend a pitch of the climbing route, while their 'second' (also called the ' belayer ') remains at the base of the pitch belaying the rope to protect the 'lead climber' in the event that they fall (e Free solo climbing (or free soloing) is a form of rock climbing where the climber (or free soloist) climbs solo (or alone) and without ropes or any form of protective equipment — they are allowed to use climbing shoes and climbing chalk (or ice tools and crampons if ice climbing). John William Middendorf IV (November 18, 1959 – June 21, 2024) was an American big wall climber, mountaineering writer and designer of climbing equipment. Climbing evolution may be traced back to the earliest human civilizations, where it was employed for Hunting Obtaining food Seeking sanctuary Humans have perfected their climbing tactics, equipment, and attitudes over time, leading to considerable May 10, 2023 · The history of mountaineering is a captivating journey that dates back centuries. Camalot is a brand of spring-loaded camming devices manufactured by Black Diamond Equipment used to secure ropes while rock climbing. Traditional climbing is still the dominant format on longer multi-pitch climbing routes, including alpine and big wall routes. Over 100 years of development has resulted in a variety ice tools designed for a range of winter climbing, such as pure ice lines, mixed routes and drytooling. This device is used for rope solo climbing, for "ground-up climbing", and for "top rope solo climbing". 13a (7c+) in climbing history. Modern rock-climbing devices enable climbers to perform tasks that were previously done manually, but with greater control – in all conditions – and with less effort. Most walls are located indoors, and climbing on such walls is often termed indoor climbing. Quickdraws are clipped to the nut wire by the ascending climber and the rope threads through the quickdraw. The company's name and logo, created by graphic designer Michael Hofler, [2] reference the Archaeopteryx, the transitional fossil of early dinosaurs to A climbing harness is a piece of equipment that allows a climber to tie in to the safety of a rope. 1972. Over the next five years Graham sold over five hundred of the first commercially available portaledges, called Cliff Dwellings, to climbers in California and Europe. In the 1980s, he climbed the hardest walls of Yosemite, including El Capitan and Half Dome, and in 1992 he climbed the largest rock wall in the world, Great Trango Tower. From the pioneering climbs of famous mountaineers to the development of climbing techniques and equipment, traditional climbing has evolved into a popular outdoor sport enjoyed by people around the world. Aid climbing can Nov 6, 2024 · The history of bouldering is an intriguing one. Climbers ascending Mount Rainier looking at Little Tahoma Peak, United States Mountaineering, mountain climbing, or alpinism[1] is a set of outdoor activities that involves ascending mountains. The company is based in Tideswell in the English Peak District, close to some of the UK's most popular climbing areas. com is a defunct online and brick and mortar retailer that specialized in outdoor recreation apparel and gear for snowboarding, rock climbing, hiking, and camping. ice climbing or mixed climbing) conditions. Today it is owned by Rab. Alpine climbing (German: Alpinklettern) is a type of mountaineering that uses any of a broad range of advanced climbing techniques, including rock climbing, ice climbing, and/or mixed climbing, to summit typically large rock, ice or snow covered climbing routes (e. High altitude breathing apparatus is a breathing apparatus which allows a person to breathe more effectively at an altitude where the partial pressure of oxygen in the ambient atmospheric air is insufficient for the task or to sustain consciousness or human life over the long or short term. [1] Routes are documented in guidebooks, and on online databases, detailing how to climb the route (called the beta), and who made the first ascent (or FA) and the coveted first free ascent (or A climbing shoe is a specialized type of footwear designed for rock climbing. In 1979, with Bill Price, he became the first to free climb the West Face of El Capitan An ice axe is a multi-purpose hiking and climbing tool used by mountaineers in both the ascent and descent of routes that involve snow or ice covered (e. There are From there the company extended its climbing range to include crampons, pitons, and nuts, and eventually (with the encouragement of mountaineer Riccardo Cassin and collaboration with American climber and entrepreneur Greg Lowe) into non-metallic equipment. The result of multiple disciplines can be used in a "combined" format to determine an all-round winner (or the Black Diamond Equipment is a manufacturer of equipment for climbing, skiing, and mountain sports, based in Utah, United States. High altitude breathing sets may be classified by type in several ways: by application: aviation Aug 6, 2024 · Rock-climbing equipment varies with the type of climbing undertaken. [2] "A scramble" is a related term, denoting terrain that could be ascended in this way. Wild Country is a major manufacturer of rock-climbing equipment and is most noted for introducing the Friend, a spring-loaded camming device. Photo by Tom Frost. This list may not reflect recent changes. the eight-thousanders such as Mount Everest) and the tops of iconic climbing The originator of the term remains unknown to this day. With the right belay device, a small, weak climber can easily arrest the fall of a much heavier partner. Rock-climbing equipment is a featured list, which means it has been identified as one of the best lists produced by the Wikipedia community. [1] Sport climbing differs from the riskier and more demanding format of traditional climbing where the lead climber—as they ascend the route Wild Country rigid Friend cams: two from 1980s and one from 1990s. Advancement in this field came to a standstill until the mid-19th century when materials and technology advanced enough to become useful. Pierre Allain (7 January 1904 – 19 December 2000) was a French alpinist and an innovator of climbing equipment. Multi-pitch climbing (and big Petzl started a small caving equipment manufacturing company, Petzl, which manufactures equipment for caving, climbing, mountaineering and at-height safety in civil engineering. [1] Notable groups include: Alpine climbing equipment as is used in alpine climbing and mountaineering The International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA) is a long-standing body for mountaineering and climbing equipment, and which also oversees competition ice climbing, where it sets standards and guidelines for ice climbing events and promotes the sport's development. Routes are documented in guidebooks, and on online databases, detailing how to climb the route (called the beta), and who made the first ascent (or FA) and the coveted first free ascent (or FFA Solo climbing (or soloing) is a style of climbing in which the climber ascends a climbing route alone and deliberately without the assistance of a belayer (or "second"), or being part of any rope team. They sometimes offer training equipment to improve technique, strength, and endurance. [1] Dual-axle was patented and for decades was only Metolius is one of the leading manufacturers of climbing gear, including rock climbing, big wall and bouldering gear. [1] A #6 Camalot C4 placed in a crack. Nov 13, 2003 · On the first ascent of the Eiger Nordward, Germans Anderl Heckmair and Ludwig Vörg, using 12-point crampons, swiftly overtake Heinrich Harrer and Fritz Kasparek of Austria, who are flat-footing it in hobnailed boots and 10-point crampons, respectively. This blog covers the history of mountaineering. Climbing equipment Climbers with the full equipment for an alpine style ascent of Gasherbrum I Climbing equipment refers to a broad range of manufactured gear that is used in the activity or sport of climbing. Aid climbing is a form of rock climbing that uses mechanical devices and equipment, such as aiders (or ladders), for upward momentum. Bouldering comes without gear, belayer, and associated distractions. The company is still run by Codega's descendants. Recently, manufactured steel and aluminum Free solo climbing is a type of rock climbing where the climber does not use a rope, harness, or other safety gear. Ice climbing is a climbing discipline that involves ascending routes consisting entirely of frozen water. To date, several types of self-locking devices have evolved. [1] It is used in rock and ice climbing, abseiling, and lowering; this is in contrast to other activities requiring ropes for access or safety such as industrial rope work (such as window cleaning), construction, and rescue and recovery, which Competition climbing is a form of regulated rock-climbing competition held indoors on purpose-built artificial climbing walls (earlier versions were held on external natural rock surfaces). While specializing in lightweight and technical equipment, MSR's gear is designed for a wide range of outdoor enthusiasts from novice to expert mountaineers. If you can update or improve it, please do so. [1] Pages in category "Mountaineering equipment" The following 45 pages are in this category, out of 45 total. It is often practiced outside legal bounds, and is thus practiced mostly at night. The climber only uses their hands and feet to move up the rock wall. In this article, we will In rock climbing, a bolt is a permanent anchor fixed into a hole drilled in the rock as a form of climbing protection. A climbing gym is a gym dedicated to indoor climbing. At the time, climbing had moved toward fixed bolts and pitons. Since these shapes were eccentric, the intercept angle of the cam changed as the cam rotates and Self-locking devices are pieces of rock-climbing equipment intended to arrest the fall of solo climbers who climb without partners. This brief history is dedicated to all Patagonia and Chouinard Equipment employees, present and past. Pages in category "Climbing equipment" The following 83 pages are in this category, out of 83 total. Early 20th-century mountaineers and climbers were mainly focused on reaching the tops of notable mountain peaks (e. Camalots use a dual-axle system, resulting in a slightly higher expansion range than similarly sized single axle units, however that results in significant weight penalty. Learn more about how Patagonia came to be. Mountaineering-related activities include traditional outdoor climbing, skiing, and traversing via ferratas that have become sports in their own right. Aid climbing is contrasted with free climbing (in both its traditional or sport free climbing formats), which only uses mechanical equipment for protection, but not to assist in upward momentum. In 1977, Jardine made the first free ascent of The Phoenix, which was the first-ever consensus route at the grade of 5. [1][2][3] The terms used can vary between different English-speaking countries; many of the phrases described here are particular to the United States and the United Kingdom. It is a critical part of an extensive chain of protective equipment (which also includes climbing harnesses, anchors, belay devices, and carabiners) used by climbers to help prevent potentially fatal fall-related accidents. [1] The company was created by the cave explorer Fernand Petzl in the mid-1970s. History Mannequin dressed in Patagonia clothing and gear Yvon Chouinard, an accomplished rock climber, [8] began selling hand-forged mountain climbing gear in 1957 through his company Chouinard Equipment. It is climbing heights at which the climber does not usually suffer serious injuries in case of a drop. To protect the route, the ice climber uses steel ice screws that require skill to employ safely and rely on the ice holding firm in any fall. To ascend, the ice climber uses specialist equipment, particularly double ice axes (or the more modern ice tools) and rigid crampons. Climbing routes that are bolted are known as sport climbs, and those that do not use (or allow) bolts, are known as traditional climbs. Jan 30, 2024 · Whether you are an avid climber or simply intrigued by the evolution of outdoor equipment, join us as we delve into the rich history and advancements of rock climbing gear. Using a carabiner to connect to a rope A carabiner or karabiner (/ ˌkærəˈbiːnər /), [1] often shortened to biner or to crab, colloquially known as a (climbing) clip, is a specialized type of shackle, a metal loop with a spring-loaded gate [2] used to quickly and reversibly connect components, most notably in safety-critical systems. There are two major categories of equipment used: free-heel Telemark skis and skis based on Alpine skis, where the heel is free for ascents, but is fixed during descent. Sep 9, 2022 · In the 50 years since, much has changed, and were you to gear up for either climb today, your kit would be much different—safer, lighter, and was more specialized and streamlined. Mammut Sports Group AG (formerly also Arova-Mammut AG, Mammut AG) is a Swiss manufacturer of clothing and equipment for alpine sports such as climbing, snow sports and trail running as well as trekking. [2][6] In 2016 it was manufacturing wide range of climbing equipment, including: spring-loaded camming devices, climbing nuts and hexcentrics, belay devices, portaledges, harnesses, carabiners, slings, helmets, haul bags, crash Rab is a British manufacturer of clothing and equipment for climbing and mountaineering. Ice climbing Two sets of nuts with a removal tool between them In rock climbing, a nut (or chock or chockstone or wire for the smallest versions) is a metal wedge threaded on a wire that climbers use for protection by wedging it into a crack in the rock. From its early beginnings as a means of survival and exploration to the modern-day sport that attracts millions of enthusiasts worldwide, rock climbing has evolved into a thrilling adventure that combines physical endurance, mental agility, and a deep Free climbing is a form of rock climbing in which the climber can only use their rock-climbing equipment for their protection but not as an artificial aid to help them in ascending a climbing route. The company was founded in 1992 by Robert Wolfe and David Jaffe, two longtime friends who chose to sell camping equipment instead of becoming wilderness guides. But where did it all start, and what did people use for climbing before today’s products were invented? In the history of rock climbing, [a] the three main sub-disciplines – bouldering, single-pitch climbing, and big wall (and multi-pitch) climbing – can trace their origins to late 19th-century Europe. [1] It can be described as being between hiking and rock climbing. Sure-footedness and a head for heights are essential. They may be used as anchors, to extend an anchor to reduce rope drag, in anchor equalization, or to climb a Rock climbing is a climbing sports discipline that involves ascending routes consisting of natural rock in an outdoor environment, or on artificial resin climbing walls in a mostly indoor environment. Ski mountaineering (abbreviated to skimo) [1] is a skiing discipline that involves climbing mountains either on skis or carrying them, depending on the steepness of the ascent, and then descending on skis. His choice of big wall climbing route on El Capitan is called Freerider, a route that was created by Alexander Huber in 1998, and which Honnold has completed several times with protection equipment. Bouldering involves climbing small rock formations or artificial walls without using ropes. [1][2] Free climbing, therefore, cannot use any of the mechanical tools that are widely used in aid climbing to help the climber overcome the Due to major improvements in equipment and technique, the term clean climbing has come to occupy a far less central, and somewhat different, position in discussions of climbing technology, compared with that of the brief and formative period when it emerged four decades ago. May 27, 2020 · The cam almost singlehandedly ushered in the modern free-climbing era by making parallel-sided splitters safer. Most bolts are either self-anchoring expansion bolts or fixed in place with liquid resin. A sling is an item of climbing equipment consisting of a tied or sewn loop of webbing. Belaying is a critical part of climbing safety. A belay device is a mechanical piece of climbing equipment used to control a rope during belaying. [2][3][4][5] Indoor climbing, sport climbing, and Rock climbing is a climbing sports discipline that involves ascending routes consisting of natural rock in an outdoor environment, or on artificial resin climbing walls in a mostly indoor environment. [1] Besides ice climbing, crampons are also used for secure travel on snow and ice, such as crossing glaciers, snowfields and icefields, ascending snow slopes, and scaling ice-covered rock. Floor padding can be seen, helping prevent injury from falls. Bouldering is a form of rock climbing that is performed on small rock formations or artificial rock walls without the use of ropes or harnesses. Rope rescue - Descenders can form an important part of the rescue process, and special descenders are produced for this application. Petzl is a French manufacturer of climbing gear, caving gear, work-at-height equipment, and headlamps based in Crolles (near Grenoble), France. [1] It is designed to improve belay safety for the climber by allowing the belayer to manage their duties with minimal physical effort. Rock climbing hammers, also known as wall hammers, big wall hammers, yosemite hammers, or aid hammers, are a type of specialty hammer used mainly in aid climbing for the placement and removal of pitons, copper-heads, and circle-heads. Jan 31, 2018 · Not only are people going out and climbing rocks, but there are also indoor climbing gyms where people can go for a good climb. Crags around the world were becoming littered with fixed protection and In mountaineering and climbing, a first ascent (abbreviated to FA in guide books), is the first successful documented climb to the top of a mountain peak or the top of a particular climbing route. It started as a way for rock climbers to train, but over time, it blossomed into a popular sport with its own competitions and community. Jun 23, 2024 · The History of Traditional Climbing Traditional climbing has a rich history that dates back centuries, with its origins rooted in the early days of mountaineering. Other equipment can also be used, depending on the experience and skill of the tree climber. First-free-ascents that set new grade milestones are important events in rock Moosejaw. Some tree climbers take special hammocks called "Treeboats" and Portaledges Black Diamond Equipment is a manufacturer of equipment for climbing, skiing, and mountain sports, based in Utah, United States. Rock climbing is now a new Olympic Sport, so I think this area will get even more attention in the future. The first-ever ice axe was the alpenstock, a long wooden pole with an iron spike tip, that was used by shepherds for travel on snowfields and glaciers You can’t tell the history of climbing and mountain sports without telling the history of Black Diamond. Mar 8, 2024 · The birth of modern rock climbing in the late 19th century ushered in the era of skill development and new equipment, transforming climbing into the sport we know today. Canyoning and Climbing gym A bouldering gym in Petah Tikva, Israel. Ray Jardine (born in 1944) is an American rock climber and rock-climbing equipment innovator, who specialized in traditional climbing and big wall climbing. Climbing rope A climber and a belayer using a climbing rope A climbing rope is a rope that is used in climbing. [2] Glossary of climbing terms relates to rock climbing (including aid climbing, lead climbing, bouldering, and competition climbing), mountaineering, and to ice climbing. Jan 29, 2024 · For thousands of years before the modern sport of climbing, climbers used sticks, spikes and rocks hammered or wedged into cracks, either for progress or for anchoring ropes. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way Climbing, scaling steep inclines or vertical surfaces, has developed from a survival requirement to a popular sport and leisure activity. This article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured list on December 9, 2024. If done without ropes or protection far off the ground, buildering is extremely dangerous. His company, Patagonia, sells outdoor products, outerwear, and food. Buildering (also known as edificeering, urban climbing, structuring, skywalking, boulding, or stegophily) describes the act of climbing on the outside of buildings and other artificial structures. His cams were sections cut out of a pulley wheel and bear a remarkable resemblance to today's tricams. A boy sitting in a tree Tree climbing is a recreational or functional activity consisting of ascending and moving around in the crowns of trees. climbing technique, navigation) and their own equipment 1960s-era pitons, including: knifeblades, lost arrows, bugaboos, ring angles, and bongs A piton (/ ˈpiːtɒn /; also called pin or peg) in big wall climbing and in aid climbing is a metal spike (usually steel) that is driven into a crack or seam in the climbing surface using a climbing hammer, and which acts as an anchor for protecting the climber from falling or to assist progress in aid Lowe Alpine is a US outdoor equipment manufacturer founded in Utah in 1972 by brothers Mike, Greg and Jeff Lowe. In the modern day, most climbers use a variety of gear to belay, notably Pages in category "Climbing and mountaineering equipment companies" The following 63 pages are in this category, out of 63 total. A rope, helmet, and harness can be used to increase the safety of the climber. The three competition climbing disciplines are lead climbing, bouldering, and speed climbing. Scrambling Mount Galwey in Waterton Park, Alberta, Canada Scrambling is a mountaineering term for ascending steep terrain using one's hands to assist in holds and balance. Sport climbing adds ropes, harnesses, belay devices, and quickdraws to clip into pre-drilled bolts. [4] The Mammut Sports Group belongs to the London-based Center is a standard carabiner rating. Sport climbing (or bolted climbing) is a type of free climbing in the sport of rock climbing where the lead climber clips their rope —via a quickdraw —into pre-drilled in-situ bolts on the rockface for their protection as they ascend the route. Rope climbing at the Alpine Center Bottrop, built by insight-out, Germany A ropes course is a challenging outdoor personal development and team building activity which usually consists of high elements, low elements, or some combination of the two. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine in 2023. As such, it allows a climber to focus completely on the terrain and their movement. You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work to remix – to adapt the work to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work to remix – to adapt the work Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Within the last 40 or 50 years, rock climbing has rapidly increased in popularity due to many indoor rock climbing gyms opening throughout the world. While bouldering can be done without any equipment, most climbers use climbing shoes to help secure footholds, chalk to keep their hands dry and to provide a firmer grip, and bouldering mats to prevent injuries from falls. These can be wrapped around sections of rock, hitched to other pieces of equipment, or tied directly to a tensioned line using a Prusik style knot. The company also has a global office in Innsbruck, Austria. Bouldering Bouldering is a type of rock climbing. [1] Aid climbing is contrasted with free climbing (in both its traditional or sport free-climbing formats), which can only use mechanical equipment for climbing protection, but not to assist in any upward momentum. [2] The discipline Most of Black Diamond's climbing equipment was produced at its Salt Lake City headquarters, while facilities in Italy supplied shoes, boots, and ropes, and a Texas subcontractor, Flatland Mountaineering, produced climbing harnesses. Jan 30, 2024 · The History of Rock Climbing: From Early Ascents to Modern Sport Rock climbing has a rich and fascinating history that spans centuries. While individual elements of rock climbing equipment will change/evolve, the essence is quite stable. Some walls are brick or wooden constructions but on modern walls, the material most often used is a thick multiplex board with holes drilled into it. Climbing gyms have climbing walls that can be used for leading, top roping, and bouldering. Yvon Chouinard (born November 9, 1938) [1] is an American rock climber, environmentalist, and businessman. multi-pitch or big wall climbs) in mountainous environments. The following is a list of notable brands and manufacturers of climbing and mountaineering equipment (including for all forms of rock climbing and of ice climbing), sorted by continent and by country. Humans have been climbing for thousands of years for survival, with the first development of special mechanical tools appearing in the 15th century. This article will take you on a journey through the evolution of bouldering and introduce you to some of its famous Jan 13, 2025 · Getting into ice climbing has never been easier, thanks to modern ice climbing tools. It is located in Seattle, Washington and owned by Cascade Designs. Night climbing is a Chouinard with equipment for rock climbing, including Hexentrics, c. A climbing wall is an artificially constructed wall with manufactured grips (or "holds") for the hands and feet. It focuses on technical apparel for mountaineering and Alpine sports, including related accessories. Unlike free solo climbing History Vitaly Abalakov 's invention of the Abalakov Cam was the first application to climbing of the principle of a cam to climbing equipment. By its very nature, solo climbing presents a higher degree of risk to the climber as they are entirely relient on their own skills (e. Correct belaying methods allow a belayer to hold the entire weight of the climber with relatively little force and easily arrest falls. Bouldering needs the least equipment outside of shoes and chalk and optional crash pads. Apr 22, 2020 · Rock climbing has a long history and has been practised for recreational or practical means. Also in the late 1980s and early 1990s, he pioneered numerous A jungle gym (called a climbing frame in British English) is a piece of playground equipment made of many pieces of material, such as metal pipes or ropes, on which participants can climb, hang, sit, and—in some configurations—slide. It is used in rock and ice climbing, abseiling, and lowering Climbing - A belay device of some sort is typically used in this context. Mike Graham, a famous American climber, founded his climbing gear company Gramicci in 1977. Mountain Safety Research, or MSR, is a producer of camping, hiking and mountaineering equipment, such as portable stoves, water filters, snowshoes, and tents. Big wall routes are sustained and exposed and the climbers typically remain suspended from the continuously sheer and vertical rock face Rigid step-in (fully automatic) "front-point" crampons used for vertical ice climbing A crampon is a traction device attached to footwear to improve mobility on snow and ice during ice climbing. [2] Big wall climbing is a form of rock climbing that takes place on both very long and very sheer multi-pitch climbing routes – of at least 6–10 pitches or 300–500 metres in length – that typically require a full day, if not several days, to ascend. . From the early expeditions driven by survival instincts to the emergence of mountaineering as a recreational pursuit, it has evolved into a thrilling adventure sport. Traditional climbing differs from sport climbing where the protection equipment is already pre-drilled into the rockface in the form of permanent bolts. As industries like farming, mining, architecture and sailing grew, tools emerged that were later adopted by climbers. In rock-climbing, a first free ascent (FFA) is the first redpoint, onsight or flash of a single-pitch, multi-pitch or bouldering climbing route that did not involve using aid equipment to help progression or resting — the ascent must thus be performed in either a sport, a traditional, or a free solo manner. Typical climbing shoes have a tight fit, an asymmetrical downturn, and a sticky rubber sole with an extended rubber rand to the heel and the toe. g. The rappel rack was developed in the late 1960s by cavers in the Huntsville, Alabama, caving club to facilitate long descents. Climbing via ferratas came to be recognised as a valid mountain activity in own right, with its own guidebooks, equipment, grading system and enthusiasts, with an increasing number of locations becoming available to undertake via ferrata climbs. [9] Arc'teryx is a Canadian apparel company specializing in outdoor apparel and equipment headquartered in North Vancouver, British Columbia. The word comes A climbing harness is a piece of equipment that allows a climber to tie in to the safety of a rope. The company was originally founded in 1862 as a ropemaker and has been part of the investment company Telemos Capital since 2021. In its simplest form, a belay consists of a rope that runs from a climber to another person (the belayer) who can stop the climber's fall. qmcgj lgbmz vtzov zhk tms ylk yht homtbn xxwd owske